[转载]分享：oracle9i学习笔记(页 1) - 常用数据库类{ Database Security } - 巨人脚下[ Oracle ] - 邪恶八进制信息安全团队技术讨论组努力为祖国的信息安全撑起一片蓝天

pub!1c 2006-4-30 13:59

[转载]分享：oracle9i学习笔记

信息来源: chinaunixcreate database db01 maxlogfiles 10 maxdatafiles 1024 maxinstances 2 logfile GROUP 1 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M, GROUP 2 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M, GROUP 3 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M, datafile 'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M, undo tablespace UNDO datafile '/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M default temporary tablespace TEMP tempfile '/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M extent management local uniform size 128k character set AL32UTE8 national character set AL16UTF16 set time_zone='America/New_York'; ############### 数据字典 ########## set wrap off select * from v$dba_users; grant select on table_name to user/rule; select * from user_tables; select * from all_tables; select * from dba_tables; revoke dba from user_name; shutdown immediate startup nomount select * from v$instance; select * from v$sga; select * from v$tablespace; alter session set nls_language=american; alter database mount; select * from v$database; alter database open; desc dictionary select * from dict; desc v$fixed_table; select * from v$fixed_table; set oracle_sid=foxconn select * from dba_objects; set serveroutput on execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd'); ############# 控制文件 ########### select * from v$database; select * from v$tablespace; select * from v$logfile; select * from v$log; select * from v$backup; /*备份用户表空间*/ alter tablespace users begin backup; select * from v$archived_log; select * from v$controlfile; alter system set control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl', '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile; cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl startup pfile='../initSID.ora' select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ; show parameter control; select * from v$controlfile_record_section; select * from v$tempfile; /*备份控制文件*/ alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak'; /*备份控制文件，并将二进制控制文件变为了asc 的文本文件*/ alter database backup controlfile to trace; ############### redo log ############## archive log list; alter system archive log start;--启动自动存档 alter system switch logfile;--强行进行一次日志switch alter system checkpoint;--强制进行一次checkpoint alter tablspace users begin backup; alter tablespace offline; /*checkpoint 同步频率参数FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步频率越高，系统恢复所需时间越短*/ show parameter fast; show parameter log_checkpoint; /*加入一个日志组*/ alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10M); /*加入日志组的一个成员*/ alter database add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3; /*删除日志组:当前日志组不能删；活动的日志组不能删；非归档的日志组不能删*/ alter database drop logfile group 3; /*删除日志组中的某个成员，但每个组的最后一个成员不能被删除*/ alter databse drop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo'; /*清除在线日志*/ alter database clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo'; alter database clear logfile group 3; /*清除非归档日志*/ alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3; /*重命名日志文件*/ alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo'; show parameter db_create; alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name'; select * from v$log; select * from v$logfile; /*数据库归档模式到非归档模式的互换,要启动到mount状态下才能改变;startup mount; 然后再打开数据库.*/ alter database noarchivelog/archivelog; achive log start;---启动自动归档 alter system archive all;－－手工归档所有日志文件 select * from v$archived_log; show parameter log_archive; ###### 分析日志文件logmnr ############## 1) 在init.ora中set utl_file_dir 参数 2) 重新启动oracle 3) create 目录文件 desc dbms_logmnr_d; dbms_logmnr_d.build; 4) 加入日志文件 add/remove log file dhms_logmnr.add_logfile dbms_logmnr.removefile 5) start logmnr dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr 6) 分析出来的内容查询 v$logmnr_content --sqlredo/sqlundo 实践： desc dbms_logmnr_d; /*对数据表做一些操作，为恢复操作做准备*/ update 表 set qty=10 where stor_id=6380; delete 表 where stor_id=7066; /***********************************/ utl_file_dir的路径 execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('foxdict.ora','$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump'); execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.log',dbms_logmnr.newfile); execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>;'$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora'); ######### tablespace ############## select * form v$tablespace; select * from v$datafile; /*表空间和数据文件的对应关系*/ select t1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#; alter tablespace users add datafile 'path' size 10M; select * from dba_rollback_segs; /*限制用户在某表空间的使用限额*/ alter user user_name quota 10m on tablespace_name; create tablespace xxx [datafile 'path_name/datafile_name'] [size xxx] [extent management local/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)]; exmple: create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 200M; create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next 100k pctincrease 10) offline; /*9i以后，oracle建议使用local管理，而不使用dictionary管理，因为local采用bitmap管理表空间，不会产生系统表空间的自愿争用;*/ create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform size 1m; create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local autoallocate; /*在创建表空间时，设置表空间内的段空间管理模式，这里用的是自动管理*/ create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform size 1m segment space management auto; alter tablespace userdata mininum extent 10; alter tablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20); /*undo tablespace(不能被用在字典管理模下) */ create undo tablespace undo1 datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 40M extent management local; show parameter undo; /*temporary tablespace*/ create temporary tablespace userdata tempfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 10m extent management local; *设置数据库缺省的临时表空间*/ alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name; /*系统/临时/在线的undo表空间不能被offline*/ alter tablespace tablespace_name offline/online; alter tablespace tablespace_name read only; /*重命名用户表空间*/ alter tablespace tablespace_name rename datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf'; /*重命名系统表空间 ,但在重命名前必须将数据库shutdown,并重启到mount状态*/ alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system01.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system02.dbf'; drop tablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce /*resize tablespace,autoextend datafile space*/ alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500M; /*resize datafile*/ alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' resize 50m; /*给表空间扩展空间*/ alter tablespace userdata add datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' size 10m; /*将表空间设置成OMF状态*/ alter system set db_create_file_dest='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata'; create tablespace userdata;---use OMF status to create tablespace; drop tablespace userdata;---user OMF status to drop tablespace; select * from dba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files; /*将表的某分区移动到另一个表空间*/ alter table table_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name; ###### ORACLE storage structure and relationships ######### /*手工分配表空间段的分区(extend)大小*/ alter table kong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf'); alter table kong.test12 deallocate unused; ---释放表中没有用到的分区 show parameter db; alter system set db_8k_cache_size=10m; ---配置8k块的内存空间块参数 select * from dba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace; select * from dba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace; /*数据对象所占用的字节数*/ select sum(bytes) from dba_extents where onwer='kong' and segment_name ='table_name'; ############ UNDO Data ################ show parameter undo; alter tablespace users offline normal; alter tablespace users offline immediate; recover datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf'; alter tablespace users online ; select * from dba_rollback_segs; alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1; /*忽略回滚段的错误提示*/ alter system set undo_suppress_errors=true; /*在自动管理模式下,不会真正建立rbs1;在手工管理模式则可以建立,且是私有回滚段*/ create rollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs; desc dbms_flashback; /*在提交了修改的数据后,9i提供了旧数据的回闪操作,将修改前的数据只读给用户看,但这部分数据不会又恢复在表中,而是旧数据的一个映射*/ execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm'); execute dbms_flashback.disable; /*回滚段的统计信息*/ select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat; /*undo表空间的大小计算公式: UndoSpace=[UR * (UPS * DBS)] + (DBS * 24) UR :UNDO_RETENTION 保留的时间(秒) UPS :每秒的回滚数据块 DBS:系统EXTENT和FILE SIZE(也就是db_block_size)*/ select * from dba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction; show parameter transactions; show parameter rollback; /*在手工管理模式下,建立公共的回滚段*/ create public rollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs; alter rollback segment rbs1 online;----在手工管理模式 /*在手工管理模式中,initSID.ora中指定 undo_management=manual 、rollback_segment=('rbs1','rbs2',...)、 transactions=100 、transactions_per_rollback_segment=10 然后 shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=....\???.ora */ ########## Managing Tables ########### /*char type maxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes rowid 是18位的64进制字符串 (10个bytes 80 bits) rowid组成: object#(对象号)--32bits,6位 rfile#(相对文件号)--10bits,3位 block#(块号)--22bits,6位 row#(行号)--16bits,3位 64进制: A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+ 共64个符号 dbms_rowid 包中的函数可以提供对rowid的解释*/ select rowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) from table_name; create table test2 ( id int, lname varchar2(20) not null, fname varchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like 'k%'), empdate date default sysdate) ) tablespace tablespace_name; create global temporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * from kong.authors; create table user.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40; alter table user.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage /*手工分配分区,分配的数据文件必须是表所在表空间内的数据文件*/ alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...'); /*释放表中没有用到的空间*/ alter table table_name deallocate unused; alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k; /*将非分区表的表空间搬到新的表空间,在移动表空间后，原表中的索引对象将会不可用，必须重建*/ alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name; create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users; alter index index_name rebuild; drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]; alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column /*给表中不用的列做标记*/ alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS; /*drop表中不用的做了标记列*/ alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; /*当在drop col是出现异常，使用CONTINUE，防止重删前面的column*/ ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000; select * from dba_tables/dba_objects; ######## managing indexes ########## /*create index*/ example: /*创建一般索引*/ create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name; /*创建位图索引*/ create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name; /*索引中不能用pctused*/ create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ; /*大数据量的索引最好不要做日志*/ create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging; /*创建反转索引*/ create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse; /*创建函数索引*/ create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name; /*建表时创建约束条件*/ create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name; /*给创建bitmap index分配的内存空间参数，以加速建索引*/ show parameter create_bit; /*改变索引的存储参数*/ alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k); /*给索引手工分配一个分区*/ alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..'); /*释放索引中没用的空间*/ alter index index_name deallocate unused; /*索引重建*/ alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name; /*普通索引和反转索引的互换*/ alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse; /*重建索引时，不锁表*/ alter index index_name rebuild online; /*给索引整理碎片*/ alter index index_name COALESCE; /*分析索引,事实上是更新统计的过程*/ analyze index index_name validate structure; desc index_state; drop index index_name; alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----监视索引是否被用到 alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消监视 /*有关索引信息的视图*/ select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage; ########## 数据完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ########## alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop 约束 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----创建主键 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---创建唯一约束 /*创建外键约束*/ alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1); /*不效验老数据，只约束新的数据[enable/disable：约束/不约束新数据;novalidate/validate:不对/对老数据进行验证]*/ alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate; /*修改约束条件，延时验证，commit时验证*/ alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred; /*修改约束条件，立即验证*/ alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate; alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate; /*drop一个有外键的主键表,带cascade constraints参数级联删除*/ drop table table_name cascade constraints; /*当truncate外键表时，先将外键设为无效，再truncate;*/ truncate table table_name; /*设约束条件无效*/ alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name; alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name; /*将无效约束的数据行放入exception的表中，此表记录了违反数据约束的行的行号；在此之前，要先建exceptions表*/ alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >;15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions; /*运行创建exceptions表的脚本*/ start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql; /*获取约束条件信息的表或视图*/ select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns; ################## managing password security and resources #################### alter user user_name account unlock/open;----锁定/打开用户; alter user user_name password expire;---设定口令到期 /*建立口令配置文件,failed_login_attempts口令输多少次后锁，password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自动解锁*/ create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440; /*创建口令配置文件*/ create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5; /*建立资源配置文件*/ create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480; alter user user_name profile profile_name; /*设置口令解锁时间*/ alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24; /*password_life_time指口令文件多少时间到期，password_grace_time指在第一次成功登录后到口令到期有多少天时间可改变口令*/ alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3; /*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天内可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次数*/ alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3]; alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用户口令 drop profile profile_name; /*建立了profile后，且指定给某个用户，则必须用CASCADE才能删除*/ drop profile profile_name CASCADE; alter system set resource_limit=true;---启用自愿限制,缺省是false /*配置资源参数*/ alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5; /*资源参数(session级) cpu_per_session 每个session占用cpu的时间单位1/100秒 sessions_per_user 允许每个用户的并行session数 connect_time 允许连接的时间单位分钟 idle_time 连接被空闲多少时间后，被自动断开单位分钟 logical_reads_per_session 读块数 private_sga 用户能够在SGA中使用的私有的空间数单位bytes (call级) cpu_per_call 每次(1/100秒)调用cpu的时间 logical_reads_per_call 每次调用能够读的块数 */ alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10; desc dbms_resouce_manager;---资源管理器包 /*获取资源信息的表或视图*/ select * from dba_users/dba_profiles; ###### Managing users ############ show parameter os; create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001; grant connect,createtable to testuser1; alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name; /*创建用户*/ create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; /*数据库级设定缺省临时表空间*/ alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name; /*制定数据库级的缺省表空间*/ alter database default tablespace tablespace_name; /*创建os级审核的用户，需知道os_authent_prefix，表示oracle和os口令对应的前缀,'OPS$'为此参数的值，此值可以任意设置*/ create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; /*修改用户使用表空间的限额,回滚表空间和临时表空间不允许授予限额*/ alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name; /*删除用户或删除级联用户(用户对象下有对象的要用CASCADE，将其下一些对象一起删除)*/ drop user user_name [CASCADE]; /*每个用户在哪些表空间下有些什么限额*/ desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...'; /*改变用户的缺省表空间*/ alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name; ######### Managing Privileges ############# grant create table,create session to user_name; grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name; /*授予权限语法,public 标识所有用户,with admin option允许能将权限授予第三者的权限*/ grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option]; select * from v$pwfile_users; /*当 O7_dictionary_accessiblity参数为True时，标识select any table时，包括系统表也能select ,否则，不包含系统表;缺省为false*/ show parameter O7; /*由于 O7_dictionary_accessiblity为静态参数，不能动态改变，故加scope=spfile,下次启动时才生效*/ alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile; /*授予对象中的某些字段的权限，如select 某表中的某些字段的权限*/ grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option; /*oracle不允许授予select某列的权限,但可以授insert ,update某列的权限*/ grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option; select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs; /*db/os/none 审计被记录在数据库/操作系统/不审计缺省是none*/ show parameter audit_trail; /*启动对表的select动作*/ audit select on user.table_name by session; /*by session在每个session中发出command只记录一次，by access则每个command都记录*/ audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful]; desc dbms_fga;---进一步设计，则可使用dbms_fgs包 /*取消审计*/ noaudit select on user.table_name; /*查被审计信息*/ select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts; /*获取审计记录*/ select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement; ########### Managing Role ################# create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name; create role role_name; create role role_name identified by password; create role role_name identified externally; set role role_name ; ----激活role set role role_name identified by password; alter role role_name not identified; alter role role_name identified by password; alter role role_name identified externally; grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION]; grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name; grant role_name1 to role_name2; /*建立default role,用户登录时，缺省激活default role*/ alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...; alter user user_name default role all; alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...; alter user user_name default role none; set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....; set role all; set role except role1,role2,...; set role none; revoke role_name from user_name; revoke role_name from public; drop role role_name; select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles; ########### Basic SQL SELECT ################ select col_name as col_alias from table_name ; select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配单个字符 /*使用字符函数(右边截取,字段中包含某个字符,左边填充某字符到固定位数,右边填充某字符到固定位数)*/ select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name; /*使用数字函数(往右/左几位四舍五入,取整,取余)*/ select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ; /*使用日期函数(计算两个日期间相差几个星期,两个日期间相隔几个月,在某个月份上加几个月,某个日期的下一个日期, 某日期所在月的最后的日期,对某个日期的月分四舍五入，对某个日期的月份进行取整)*/ select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate), round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name; /*使用NULL函数(当expr1为空取expr2/当expr1为空取expr2,否则取expr3/当expr1=expr2返回空)*/ select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name; select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1 when '30' then column2*2.1 when '10' then column3/20 else column3 end as ttt from table_name ; ------使用case函数 select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1 [CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡儿连接 [NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用两个表中的同名列连接 [JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用两个表中的同名列中的某一列或几列连接 [JOIN table2 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] | [LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相当于(+)=,=(+)连接,全外连接 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN语法; example: select col1,col2 from table1 t1 join table2 t2 on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1 join table3 t3 on t2.col1=t3.col3; select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3); select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3); insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1>; 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3); MERGE INTO table_name table1 USING table_name2 table2 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2) WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET table1.col1=table2.col2, table1.col2=table2.col3, ... WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合并语句 ##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE ####################### alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----设置列无效，这个比较快。 alter table table_name drop unused columns;---删除被设为无效的列 rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表 comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----给表放入注释信息 create table table_name (col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20), constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定义表中的约束条件 alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----创建主键 /*建立外键*/ create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id)); alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%'); alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name; alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----级联删除主键 alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使约束暂时无效 /*删除列，并级联删除此列下的约束条件*/ alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint; select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---约束条件相关视图 ############## Create Views ##################### CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)] AS subquery [WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]] [WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------创建视图的语法 example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------创建视图 /*使用别名*/ Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name; /*创建复杂视图*/ Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1; /*当用update修改数据时，必须满足视图的col1>;10的条件，不满足则不能被改变.*/ Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>;10 with check option; /*改变视图的值.对于简单视图可以用update语法修改表数据，但复杂视图则不一定能改。如使用了函数，group by ,distinct等的列*/ update view_name set col1=value1; /*TOP-N分析*/ select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N; /*找出某列三条最大值的记录*/ example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3; ############# Other database Object ############### CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n] [START WITH n] [{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}] [{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}] [{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}] [{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----创建SEQUENCE example: CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10 START WITH 120 MAXVALUE 9999 NOCACHE NOCYCLE; select * from user_sequences ;---当前用户下记录sequence的视图 select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用 alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20 MAXVALUE 999999 NOCACHE NOCYCLE; -----修改sequence,不能改变起始序号 drop sequence sequence_name; ----删除sequence CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------创建同义词 DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----删除同义词 CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----创建DBLINK select * from object_name@link_name; ----访问远程数据库中的对象 /*union 操作，它将两个集合的交集部分压缩，并对数据排序*/ select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; /*union all 操作，两个集合的交集部分不压缩，且不对数据排序*/ select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; /*intersect 操作，求两个集合的交集,它将对重复数据进行压缩，且排序*/ select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; /*minus 操作，集合减,它将压缩两个集合减后的重复记录, 且对数据排序*/ select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; /*EXTRACT 抽取时间函数. 此例是抽取当前日期中的年*/ select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual; /*EXTRACT 抽取时间函数. 此例是抽取当前日期中的月*/ select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual; ########################## 增强的 group by 子句 ######################### select [column,] group_function(column)... from table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] [HAVING having_expression]; [ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP操作字，对group by子句的各字段从右到左进行再聚合 example: /*其结果看起来象对col1做小计*/ select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2); /*复合rollup表达式*/ select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2)); select [column,] group_function(column)... from table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression] [HAVING having_expression]; [ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE操作字，除完成ROLLUP的功能外，再对ROLLUP后的结果集从右到左再聚合 example: /*其结果看起来象对col1做小计后，再对col2做小计，最后算总计*/ select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2); /*复合rollup表达式*/ select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2)); /*混合rollup,cube表达式*/ select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3); /*GROUPING(expr)函数，查看select语句种以何字段聚合，其取值为0或1*/ select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr) from table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] [HAVING having_expression]; [ORDER BY column]; example: select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2); /*grouping sets操作，对group by结果集先对col1求和，再对col2求和，最后将其结果集并在一起*/ select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2))

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